Sour Urkel by Equilibrium Genetics: A Comprehensive Strain Guide

History and Breeding Origins

Sour Urkel sits at the crossroads of two of the most influential West Coast cannabis lineages: Sour Diesel and Purple Urkle. According to industry resources highlighting underrated strains, Sour Urkel has long flown under the radar despite its potent pedigree and standout sensory profile. That under-the-radar status is part of its charm, delivering a connoisseur experience without the hype-tax often applied to trendier cultivars. In grower circles, it is commonly acknowledged as a hybrid that leans indica in heritage yet preserves the drive and brightness of classic Sour genetics.

The cross is credited to Equilibrium Genetics, a California breeder known for pairing legacy cuts with modern expectations for vigor and terpene depth. Their work with Sour Urkel aimed to merge the loud, fuel-forward sourness of Sour Diesel with the deep-purple coloration and grape-berry sweetness of Purple Urkle. The result is a hybrid that showcases old-school diesel energy wrapped in a soothing, indica-forward chassis. It embodies a pragmatic breeding goal: keep the diesel funk while enhancing color, bag appeal, and breadth of effect.

Sour Urkel’s reputation has grown organically via dispensary menus and growers’ forums rather than splashy marketing campaigns. Leafly’s coverage of unsung cannabis cultivars calls attention to this hybrid’s distinctive sour-and-purple fusion, and that description has proven sticky among enthusiasts. Even as curated lists of top strains fluctuate annually, Sour Urkel often remains a cult favorite rather than a perennial headliner. This positioning has preserved a sense of discovery for new consumers and a sense of ownership among longtime fans.

Over the last decade, breeders and growers have repeatedly validated the approach Equilibrium Genetics took with Sour Urkel. Volunteer reports from small craft operations note that the cultivar balances legacy aromas with modern cultivation demands, particularly under LED lighting and dialed-in environmental ranges. In markets where data is published, dispensary menus consistently place Sour Urkel in the hybrid-to-indica-dominant category, reflecting its genetic heritage. That blend of lineage, performance, and sensory appeal explains why it remains a sleeper pick for many connoisseurs.

Genetic Lineage and Heritable Traits

Sour Urkel descends from Sour Diesel and Purple Urkle, a pairing that rationalizes much of what consumers and growers observe. Sour Diesel contributes the signature sour-citrus-diesel bouquet, a cerebrally engaging onset, and an open, branching structure when given sufficient vegetative time. Purple Urkle, a known indica-dominant classic, supplies anthocyanin-rich pigmentation, dense calyx stacking, and a sweet grape-berry core. The net effect is a hybrid that smells like a fruit cart parked at a gas station in the best possible way.

From a phenotype perspective, expect multiple expressions that tilt toward either parent while remaining recognizably Sour Urkel. Diesel-leaning phenos often stretch 1.5 times after the flip and present brighter citrus-peel and fuel top notes. Urkle-leaning phenos stay more compact, finish a bit earlier, and exhibit a fatter, heavier bud set with deeper purple hues. Many growers select keeper cuts that split the difference, offering mid-level stretch, paint-box purples, and a layered sour-grape profile.

Heritable chemotype patterns typically place Sour Urkel within the high-THC, low-CBD cohort, with minor cannabinoids such as CBG present in trace-to-moderate amounts. These patterns echo those of the parents, where Sour Diesel commonly tests in the high teens to mid-twenties THC and Purple Urkle frequently exceeds 20 percent under dialed conditions. Terpene inheritance is mixed, but myrcene, limonene, and beta-caryophyllene repeatedly show up as dominant components across keeper cuts. Secondary contributors often include alpha-pinene, linalool, and humulene, giving the strain its swirl of forest, floral, and spice.

For selection and breeding, note that color expression is not solely genetic but also environmental. Purple Urkle reliably seeds the potential for vivid pigments, yet those hues present most dramatically with a 5 to 10 Celsius nighttime drop late in bloom. Diesel-forward terpenes can volatilize quickly, so cultivation and curing choices heavily influence the final aromatic scorecard. As a result, Sour Urkel rewards careful environment management, especially in weeks 6 through 9 of bloom.

Appearance and Bag Appeal

Sour Urkel typically produces medium-dense, resin-caked flowers with pronounced calyx stacking and tight internodal spacing. Buds often present a conical to spade-shaped morphology with a calyx-to-leaf ratio favorable to hand trimming. Expect vibrant olive to forest-green base tones punctuated by violet and royal purple splotches, especially in cooler finish environments. Orange-to-copper pistils lace across the surface, contrasting the purple hues for dramatic visual impact.

Trichome coverage is a standout feature, with mature flowers sporting a frosted, almost shimmering patina under direct light. Close inspection reveals bulbous, cloudy heads on medium-length stalks, indicating robust resin production and mechanical resilience in trim. Resin density often translates to sticky handling and scissors that gum quickly during harvest. This heavy resin layer supports both strong bag appeal and efficient extraction potential for hash and solventless rosin.

Growers report that Sour Urkel can present either chunky diesel spears or golf-ball to egg-sized grape clusters depending on phenotype and training. Diesel-leaning forms may stack slightly looser but produce longer colas, while Urkle-leaning expressions are compact and weighty with increased purple intensity. Under LEDs with enhanced blue spectrum in late flower, anthocyanin development is accentuated, producing camera-ready buds. The end result is a cultivar that consistently pleases visual connoisseurs and buyers scanning for richly colored tops.

Cured flowers display a glassy sheen when properly dried to 10 to 12 percent moisture content. Bud density is firm without being rock-hard, maintaining a tactile spring that suggests mature but not over-dried material. Breaking a nug reveals saturated greens and purples within, alongside resin veins that glimmer under magnification. For retail presentation, Sour Urkel holds color and structure well when stored at 58 to 62 percent relative humidity.

Aroma Spectrum

The first impression from a freshly cracked Sour Urkel jar is unmistakable: a surge of sour citrus, petrol, and fermented grape. This layered aroma reflects the Diesel lineage in top notes and the Urkle lineage in the heart and base. Sourness shows as a lemon-lime twang with hints of white grapefruit pith, while the diesel reads as hot-rod garage and solvent. Beneath that, a sweet grape-berry thread unfurls, edging into blackcurrant and plum in some phenotypes.

Secondary notes often include peppery spice, damp earth, and a faint floral lift reminiscent of lavender. The pepper and spice cues tie to beta-caryophyllene and humulene, while the lavender-floral lift suggests linalool contributions. An herbal pine backdrop, likely from alpha-pinene, gives the aroma an outdoorsy freshness that keeps the bouquet from turning cloying. All together, it comes off as a sweet-tart-fuel medley that is both nostalgic and novel.

When ground, volatile top notes intensify, pushing tangy diesel and citrus zest to the forefront. The maceration also teases out a juicier grape character and sometimes a pink-berry candy flash. Skunky undertones, common in Diesel progeny, may surface briefly after grinding before returning to a cleaner sour-citrus profile. This dynamic aroma shift is a hallmark of well-grown, terpene-rich flowers.

Comparisons to Purple Urkle’s classic grape soda and Sour Diesel’s acrid lemon fuel are apt, but Sour Urkel blends the two into a more integrated fragrance. Enthusiasts who track terpene genres will recognize this as a cross of sour-fuel and purple-fruit lanes, as described in shopper guides to terpene-forward cannabis. The fragrance can fill a room quickly, and many consumers rate it high on the loudness scale. Proper curing transforms the aroma from sharp and segmented to round and cohesive within two to four weeks.

Flavor and Mouthfeel

On the inhale, Sour Urkel delivers a brisk sour-citrus spark that reads as lemon rind, lime zest, and diesel. Almost immediately, a juicy grape-berry sweetness rolls in, softening the acidity and rounding the palate. The interplay is reminiscent of tart fruit candies dissolved in a whiff of high-octane fuel. Savory earth and black pepper tickle the back of the tongue, anchoring the bright top notes.

The exhale is smoother and more confectionary, with grape jelly, blackberry, and a splash of seltzer-like minerality. Alpha-pinene and limonene tighten the finish, lending a crisp, palate-cleansing quality. In some phenotypes, a lavender-vanilla whisper trails off the exhale, a nod to the Urkle side’s linalool. This finishing lift keeps the aftertaste clean rather than syrupy, inviting repeat sips.

Vaporization at 175 to 190 Celsius reveals greater nuance than combustion, particularly in floral and forest-herb dimensions. Lower temp pulls showcase zesty citrus and fresh grape skins, while mid-temp draws add pepper-spice and diesel fumes. Higher temps tilt toward skunky, resinous, and heavy, potentially overshadowing fruit complexity. For many, the flavor sweet spot arrives between 185 and 195 Celsius.

The mouthfeel is moderately dense, producing a silken, resinous coat without harshness in properly flushed and cured flower. Poorly handled material may amplify fuel bitterness and produce throat scratch, so post-harvest technique matters. When dialed in, Sour Urkel tastes layered and complete across a full session. The overall flavor experience scores high for contrast, depth, and persistence.

Cannabinoid Profile and Potency

Sour Urkel is typically a high-THC, low-CBD cultivar, aligning with both parent strains. In legal markets where potency data is published, consumer-facing menus and batch labels commonly place total THC in the 18 to 25 percent range. Exceptional phenotypes and optimized grows may edge above 26 percent, while less dialed runs can fall into the mid-teens. CBD content is usually trace, often at or below 0.5 percent, with total CBD frequently recorded under 0.2 percent.

Minor cannabinoids help color the experience even at low percentages. CBG commonly appears between 0.2 and 1.0 percent in well-developed flowers, and CBC sometimes shows in the 0.1 to 0.3 percent band. Total cannabinoid content, combining THC, THCa, and minors, often lands between 20 and 30 percent by weight. These ranges reflect a chemotype capable of delivering potent effects at modest doses.

In concentrates, Sour Urkel’s resin can test dramatically higher, with live resins and rosins frequently exceeding 65 percent total cannabinoids and topping 75 percent in some runs. Terpene-rich extracts preserve the sour-fuel-grape character well, but aggressive purging or high-temp processing can flatten fruit notes. Hash makers favor phenotypes with abundant, mechanically stable trichome heads in the 90 to 120 micron range. Such heads wash efficiently and retain aromatic integrity during ice-water extraction.

Consumers should note that reported potency is only one predictor of subjective strength. Terpene load, inhalation style, tolerance, and set and setting can change outcomes dramatically. Batches with similar THC but higher total terpenes, for example, often feel stronger to users. For dosing, start low and titrate, especially for those new to diesel-forward hybrids.

Terpene Profile and Chemical Signature

Sour Urkel typically expresses a terpene ensemble led by myrcene, limonene, and beta-caryophyllene, with important contributions from pinene, linalool, and humulene. In well-grown flowers, total terpene content commonly ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 percent by weight. Diesel-leaning phenotypes skew toward limonene, beta-caryophyllene, and pinene dominance, heightening citrus and fuel. Urkle-leaning phenotypes push myrcene and linalool forward, deepening grape-berry and floral sweetness.

Myrcene imparts ripe fruit and earthy base notes, often measuring in the 0.4 to 0.8 percent window in terpene-rich batches. Limonene, which brings lemon-lime sparkle and mood-brightening qualities, frequently appears at 0.3 to 0.7 percent. Beta-caryophyllene, the pepper-spice terpene that can also interact with CB2 receptors, is commonly 0.2 to 0.6 percent. Alpha-pinene and beta-pinene add pine-resin freshness in the 0.1 to 0.3 percent zone.

Linalool is usually present in smaller quantities, often 0.05 to 0.2 percent, yet it exerts an outsized influence on the floral-lavender lift and perceived relaxation. Humulene and ocimene show up as trace-to-minor contributors, nudging woody and green notes around the edges. Together, this terp array explains the sensory push-pull between tart citrus-diesel and plush grape-berry candy. It also aligns with education from terpene-forward shopping guides that link dominant terpenes to both aroma and perceived effects.

Cultivation choices can drive terp expression as much as genetics. Moderate late-flower temperatures, optimized vapor pressure deficit, and gentle drying protocols preserve volatile top notes like limonene. Additives marketed as terpene enhancers, such as sour-focused infusion packs, may help lean phenotypes express their tangy edge when used as directed. Ultimately, environmental discipline is the surest path to peak terpene expression.

Experiential Effects and User Reports

Sour Urkel is widely reported as a balanced yet potent experience, starting with a bright mental lift and tapering into a calm, euphoric body ease. The onset can arrive within 2 to 10 minutes when inhaled, with a plateau that often lasts 60 to 120 minutes for casual users. Many describe a wave pattern: initial alertness and mood elevation, followed by a stretchy, comfortable relaxation in the neck and shoulders. This arc fits the hybrid-to-indica-dominant labeling used by most retailers.

At moderate doses, users often cite increased sociability, sensory appreciation, and appetite. The diesel side keeps the mind engaged and present, while the purple side softens jitters and anxiety for many individuals. Creative tasks, light chores, and music listening all pair well with that middle zone of function and comfort. At higher doses or late at night, the cultivar can become sedating.

Side effects reflect its potency. Dry mouth and dry eyes are common, and occasional dizziness or a swift heart rate can appear with aggressive dosing. Individuals sensitive to racy sativas generally find Sour Urkel more manageable than pure Diesel cuts, thanks to the Urkle influence. Even so, best practice is start low and titrate upward as needed.

Consumers with a specific goal often time their sessions accordingly. Daytime micro-doses can support mood and focus without couchlock, while evening sessions leverage the body calm for decompression. Pairing the strain with hydration and a light snack tends to smooth the experience. Those new to diesel-forward profiles may prefer vaporization to control intensity and temperature.

Potential Medical Uses and Considerations

While responses vary, Sour Urkel’s chemical profile suggests several plausible therapeutic applications. The combination of THC potency and beta-caryophyllene has been associated anecdotally with relief from inflammatory discomfort and stress-related tension. Myrcene and linalool, when present, may contribute to perceived relaxation and improved sleep latency. Limonene’s mood-brightening attributes complement these effects for individuals managing low motivation or situational blues.

Commonly reported use cases include support for appetite, relief from mild-to-moderate pain, and reduction of stress or anxious rumination. Some users with migraine histories report benefit from diesel-forward hybrids, and Sour Urkel’s peppery-grape profile may be easier on those who find straight diesel too frenetic. For sleep, higher evening doses push toward sedation, particularly in phenotypes with above-average myrcene or linalool. Conversely, small daytime doses may foster clarity rather than drowsiness.

Data-backed precision is limited without batch-specific lab analyses, so patients and caregivers should look for a certificate of analysis that details cannabinoids and terpenes. Comparisons across batches show that total terpene load correlates with perceived potency and relief for some users, even at similar THC percentages. Batches testing above 2 percent total terpenes often draw stronger efficacy ratings in self-reports. Individuals sensitive to limonene or pinene should test slowly to monitor for stimulating edges.

As always, these observations are not medical advice, and cannabis can interact with medications. Those managing chronic conditions should consult a clinician knowledgeable in cannabinoid therapy, particularly when considering high-THC products. Start with low doses, track outcomes in a journal, and adjust gradually. Vaporization can offer faster titration and fewer respiratory irritants compared to combustion.

Comprehensive Cultivation Guide: Indoors and Outdoors

Sour Urkel rewards attentive growers with striking color, loud terpenes, and robust resin, performing well in both soil and hydroponic systems. Indoors, plan for a total cycle of roughly 12 to 16 weeks, including 4 to 6 weeks of vegetative growth and 8.5 to 10 weeks of flowering depending on phenotype. Outdoor and greenhouse growers should target late September to mid-October harvest windows in temperate zones. In warmer climates, the cultivar benefits from late-season dehumidification to prevent botrytis in dense purple colas.

For training, topping once or twice forms a broad, even canopy that primes the plant for screen of green. Expect a 1.25 to 1.75 times stretch after flip, with diesel-leaning phenotypes stretching more. Low-stress training and a well-set trellis eliminate hotspots and improve light penetration to secondary sites. Keep canopy depth to 25 to 45 centimeters to balance density and airflow.

Lighting intensity targets should be progressive. In veg, aim for a DLI of 20 to 30 mol per square meter per day and PPFD around 300 to 500 micromoles per square meter per second. In flower, ramp to DLI of 35 to 45 and PPFD of 700 to 900, with some cuts tolerating brief peaks to 1,000 under CO2. Run CO2 at 900 to 1,100 ppm in mid-flower if available to support higher light loads.

Temperature and humidity control shape both yield and terpene retention. Veg thrives at 24 to 28 Celsius days and 20 to 24 nights with 60 to 70 percent relative humidity and VPD near 0.8 to 1.1 kPa. Flower runs best at 21 to 26 Celsius days and 18 to 22 nights with 45 to 55 percent RH and VPD in the 1.2 to 1.5 kPa band. In the final 10 to 14 days, a gentle night drop of 5 to 8 Celsius encourages purple expression without stalling metabolism.

Nutrition should be moderate and consistent, avoiding the heavy feeding that some diesel cuts tolerate. In coco or hydro, maintain EC around 1.2 to 1.4 in late veg and 1.6 to 2.0 in peak flower, tapering slightly in the final two weeks. In soil, use living-soil or amended-organic systems to drive terpene richness; top-dress with phosphorus and potassium in early bloom. Maintain root zone pH at 5.8 to 6.2 in hydro-coco and 6.2 to 6.8 in soil.

Water management is crucial to avoid edema and maintain vigor. Water to 10 to 20 percent runoff in inert media, allowing for rhythmic dry backs that keep oxygen cycling in the rhizosphere. In soil, aim for field capacity and let containers reach the lift test threshold before re-watering. Avoid prolonged saturation late in bloom to reduce botrytis risk in dense, purple-leaning buds.

Yields are solid for a terpene-focused hybrid. Indoor yields of 400 to 550 grams per square meter are attainable with a healthy veg and trellised canopy. Outdoor plants in 190 to 380 liter containers can produce 600 to 1,000 grams per plant in sunny, low-humidity locales. Diesel-leaning cuts often win on total cola length, whereas Urkle-leaning cuts concentrate biomass in denser clusters.

For outdoor success, choose a site with steady breeze and unobstructed southern exposure. In coastal or humid regions, selective defoliation and silica supplementation can fortify against powdery mildew. Cover crops and mulches help regulate soil temperature and moisture, especially during late-summer heat. Large fabric pots with living soil give growers control while preserving the terroir-like complexity that shines in this cultivar.

Environmental Controls, IPM, and Terpene Maximization

Integrated pest management starts with prevention. Quarantine new clones, apply beneficial insects proactively, and keep floors and intakes clean to limit thrips, mites, and fungus gnats. Dense, resinous purple buds are vulnerable to botrytis under stagnant, humid conditions, so cross-circulation fans and proper dehumidification are essential. Target 0.3 to 0.5 meters per second of gentle canopy airflow without windburn.

Biologicals such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens can be rotated to suppress foliar pathogens, particularly in early veg and pre-flip. Sulfur can be used sparingly in veg for powdery mildew but should be discontinued at least three to four weeks before harvest to protect terpenes. Beneficial predators like Amblyseius swirskii and Neoseiulus californicus handle early mite or thrips pressure in greenhouses. Sticky traps and blue cards help track flying pests without chemical inputs.

For terpene maximization, avoid late-flower heat spikes and over-drying. Total terpene content correlates with a gentle dry at 15 to 18 Celsius and 55 to 60 percent RH for 10 to 14 days. Post-harvest handling should minimize light and oxygen exposure to preserve limonene and linalool. Cure at 58 to 62 percent RH for four to eight weeks, burping lightly in the first 10 days as internal moisture equilibrates.

Nutritional strategies that favor terpene expression include balanced sulfur and magnesium, steady calcium, and trace elements delivered through organic sources or chelated micros. Many growers find success with living-soil systems or Korean Natural Farming techniques that emphasize microbial diversity and plant-available metabolites. Such approaches have been championed by small-batch seed outfits promoting natural practices, reflecting a broader craft ethos in cannabis. For those using bottled lines, consider terpene-oriented bloom boosters in moderation to avoid nutrient burn and flavor harshness.

Some cultivators experiment with sour-focused terpene enhancers during mid-to-late bloom to sharpen the tangy citrus edge. When used as directed and paired with precise environment control, these inputs can help diesel-leaning profiles cut through the candy-grape base. Always test on a subset of plants before full-room deployment. The primary levers remain light quality, VPD control, and a patient, cool cure.

Harvest Timing, Drying, and Curing

Sour Urkel’s harvest window generally falls between day 60 and day 70 of 12 hours on and 12 hours off, depending on phenotype and environmental efficiency. Diesel-leaning expressions often prefer day 65 to day 70 for maximum resin maturity and terpene density. Urkle-leaning expressions may be ready closer to day 60 to day 64, achieving peak color and sweetness without oversoftening trichome heads. Always verify with trichome inspection rather than relying solely on the calendar.

For a balanced effect with both clarity and body ease, many growers target cloudy trichomes with 5 to 10 percent amber. Those seeking heavier sedation may let amber rise to 15 to 20 percent, accepting a slight drop in brightness for deeper physical relaxation. Pistil coloration can mislead in purple cultivars, so focus on resin heads and calyx swell. Pre-harvest flush in inert media for 7 to 10 days helps clean combustion and sharpen flavors.

Drying should be slow and controlled to protect volatile terpenes like limonene and ocimene. Aim for 10 to 14 days at 15 to 18 Celsius and 55 to 60 percent RH with low, indirect airflow. Whole-plant hang or large branch hang slows the process and improves uniformity, especially for dense purple colas. Avoid rapid dry conditions that produce grassy aromas and muted fruit notes.

After drying, trim gently to preserve trichomes and jar at 58 to 62 percent RH. Burp containers once daily for the first week, then every few days for the next two to three weeks. By week four, flavors often knit into a seamless sour-grape-diesel chord that continues to deepen through week eight. Properly cured flower stores best in dark, airtight containers at cool room temperature away from light and oxygen.

Position in the Sour and Purple Families

Sour Urkel occupies a rare niche among diesel and purple strains by integrating both genres without letting either dominate. Compared to straight Sour Diesel, it is less linear and more dessert-like, sacrificing a sliver of razor focus for richer mouthfeel and body ease. Compared to Purple Urkle or Granddaddy Purple, it is less sedative at moderate doses and more energizing up front. That hybrid balance has endeared Sour Urkel to consumers who want purple aesthetics with daytime viability.

From a shopping perspective, guides to terpene genres suggest identifying strains by their dominant aromatic families rather than names alone. Sour Urkel’s family signature is sour-citrus-fuel meeting grape-berry-candy with peppery spice. In stores, it might appear under different phenotypic labels or batch descriptors, so the nose test remains critical. If you smell lemon-lime, garage, grape jelly, and black pepper in one sniff, you are in the right neighborhood.

Despite its strong showing for discerning palates, Sour Urkel rarely appears on top-100 lists dominated by legacy powerhouses and modern dessert titans. That status keeps it in the underrated column and often improves price-to-quality ratios for buyers. For cultivators, it means less market saturation and a chance to differentiate menus without sacrificing potency. For patients and enthusiasts, it offers a balanced, nuanced alternative to single-lane profiles.

When comparing head-to-head with related crosses like Sour Grape or Purple Sour Diesel, Sour Urkel tends to lean slightly sweeter and softer in the body. It may give up a trace of the electric edge found in the sharpest diesel phenotypes. In return, it supplies a wider audience fit and a memorable, lingering flavor. This trade space explains why it continues to earn keeper-cut status in mixed gardens.

Sourcing, Seeds, and Phenotype Selection

Equilibrium Genetics is noted as the breeder responsible for Sour Urkel’s introduction, pairing proven parents for a high-probability winner. Because this cultivar is less ubiquitous than contemporary hype crosses, availability may be seasonal or region-specific. When sourcing, look for breeders or nurseries that can document parentage and offer stability notes. Verified cuts and authentic seed lines improve the odds of landing the desired sour-grape-diesel balance.

Phenotype selection benefits from a small hunt. Pop 5 to 10 seeds if possible and track veg vigor, stretch behavior, internode spacing, and early terpenes by stem rub. In bloom, record days to first significant frost, color onset, and bud density. Post-harvest, score each pheno for terpene loudness, flavor layering, ease of trim, and washability if you produce hash.

Keeper criteria vary by goal. For flower-first programs, prioritize a loud, layered nose and color contrast that excites consumers. For extraction, favor plants with sandy, easily releasing trichome heads and high yields in the 90 to 120 micron range. Stability across runs is another key metric; the best keeper cuts deliver consistent performance with minor environmental tweaks.

If your market favors sour-forward expressions, lean into diesel-tilted phenotypes and consider environment strategies or safe terpene enhancers that increase tang. If your clientele loves purple candy profiles, select phenotypes with early, vivid coloration and syrupy grape candy aromatics. Aim for 8.5 to 9.5 weeks finish to balance throughput and terpene density. Document everything to shorten the learning curve on subsequent cycles.